Aotearoa
Aotearoa, meaning "long white cloud", is the Maori name for New Zealand, a group of islands south east of Australia that were colonized by the British.
In Te Reo Maori (the Maori language), ao can mean cloud, tea can mean white, and roa can mean long.
The name itself originated from Hine, the wife of the legendary navigator Kupe. As they were approaching the land that their ancestor Maui had fished up, Kupe was dozing and it was Hine who first saw it, noticing the clouds stretched from end to end. She cried out, "He Ao! He Aotea! He Aotearoa!" (A cloud! A white cloud! A long white cloud!)[1]
From that moment, New Zealand came to be known as Aotearoa, the land of the long white cloud.
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Maori
Maori are the Polynesian/Melanesian indigenous people of New Zealand. In their language (te reo Maori), maori literally means "normal", e.g. wai maori means "fresh water".
Maori should ideally be called the indigenous peoples of Aotearoa. Each iwi (tribe) is considered a separate nation/people. So if you were descended from the tribes of Ngati Porou or Ngapuhi, you were called a 'Ngati Porou' or 'Ngapuhi' respectively, and not a 'Maori'.
All Maori are related by whakapapa (genealogical lines of descent) from the primal parents, Ranginui (sky father) and Papatuanuku (earth mother).
It should be noted that the first use of the term "Maori" to collectively describe the tribes of Aotearoa was in the Treaty of Waitangi (Feb. 6th, 1840), a treaty between colonial administrators and Maori.
In modern times, most Maori are affiliated to numerous tribes. The term has been used to describe Maori as a homogenous group of people for so long that it is more common to call someone 'Maori' rather than by their iwi.
Ta-Moko
Ta Moko is the term used by Maori to describe their form of tattooing. The term is shortened to moko when referring to facial tattooing only.
Ta moko is a taonga (treasure) which is intrinsic to Maori culture and is very tapu (sacred). Numerous rituals were traditionally observed in accordance with ta moko, and some are still practised (such as karakia, or long religious chants).
The origins of ta moko lie in the ancient story of Niwareka and her husband Mataora. They lived at a time when the art of chiselling the skin was not known and designs were painted on the body. One day, Mataora mistreated Niwareka who fled to her father's people in Rarohenga, the underworld. Mataora pursued his wife, wanting to persuade her to return. But when he reached Rarohenga, the designs painted on his face were smeared with sweat from his exertions. Seeing his appearance, his wife's people laughed at him—their faces were marked with permanent incisions.
Ashamed, Mataora begged his wife's forgiveness and asked his father-in-law (Uetonga) to teach him the art of ta moko. Niwareka eventually forgave her husband and returned with him to the world above, taking with her the art of taniko, a delicate and intricate form of weaving. Mataora brought with him the knowledge of moko. In that way, knowledge of these arts entered the world.[2]
Ta moko uses various motifs, to represent different meanings which are not readily apparent from the designs and have to be explained by someone who knows. One such motif is the koru, or the unfurling fern frond of the native ferns of Aotearoa.
Whakapapa, or lines of genealogy, are inherent within ta moko, and it is important to note that the term cannot be used in reference to a tattoo which uses Maori motifs but lacks cultural meaning. The term for such a tattoo is kirituhi.
Tohunga-Ta-Moko
Tohunga-ta-moko is the traditional term used for a tattoo expert. The word tohunga means expert, and there are several terms used for different disciplines such as tohunga-whakairo (carving expert) or tohunga-rongoa (medicinal plant healing expert).
In modern times, the word tohunga means priest (the word itself, though, literally translates as 'expert'). It has evolved from the fact that all arts in te ao Maori (the Maori world) are god-given and appropriate rituals and observances needed to be made when completing an art form. So not only was a tohunga an expert in their chosen field, but they were also closer to the atua (gods) in that they were practicing a sacred art and knew all of the appropriate karakia (long religious chants) and observances to ensure no raruraru (trouble), spiritual or otherwise, eventuated.
